2. Who is credited with developing the first operational GIS ( CGIS) in 1963?
A. Roger TomlinsonÂ
B. Michael GoodchildÂ
C. Howard fisherÂ
D. Jack DangermondÂ
A. Roger Tomlinson
Explanation:Â Roger Tomlinson created the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS), the first computerized GIS.
3. Which data format is a vector-based GIS file type?
A) GeoTIFF
B) JPEG2000
C) Shapefile
D) NetCDF
C. Shapefile
Explanation:
A Shapefile is a vector-based format used in GIS to store geometric data (points, lines, polygons) along with attribute information. The other options are not vector-based:
GeoTIFF (A) and JPEG2000 (B) are raster formats for grid or image data.
NetCDF (D)Â is used for multidimensional scientific datasets (e.g., climate models) and is not a vector format.
4. What is the primary purpose of georeferencing?
A) To compress raster data
B) To align spatial data to real-world coordinates
C) To improve data visualization
D) To create 3D models
C. Shapefile
Explanation:
A Shapefile is a vector-based format used in GIS to store geometric data (points, lines, polygons) along with attribute information. The other options are not vector-based:
GeoTIFF (A) and JPEG2000 (B) are raster formats for grid or image data.
NetCDF (D)Â is used for multidimensional scientific datasets (e.g., climate models) and is not a vector format.
5. Which topology rule ensures adjacent polygons share exact boundaries?
A) Must Not Overlap
B) Must Not Have Gaps
C) Must Be Covered By
D) Boundary Must Be Covered By
B) Must Not Have Gaps
Explanation:
(B) "Must Not Have Gaps"Â
Forces polygons to form a continuous surface with no empty spaces between them
Adjacent polygons must share their boundaries completely (no gaps = boundaries coincide exactly)
Primary rule for parcel datasets, land cover maps, etc. where seamless coverage is required
6. Which component of GIS includes GPS units and scanners?
A) Software
B) Data
C) Hardware
D) Methods
C) Hardware
Explanation:
The correct answer is C) Hardware because GPS units and scanners are physical devices used to collect and input spatial data into a GIS. Here's a breakdown of each option:
A) Software refers to programs like ArcGIS or QGIS used to process and analyze data, not physical devices.
B) Data represents the spatial and attribute information stored in a GIS, not the tools used to collect it.
C) Hardware (Correct)Â includes physical equipment like GPS units, scanners, drones, and computers that capture, store, or display geospatial data.
D) Methods are the techniques and workflows used in GIS analysis, not the physical tools.
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7. The quantitative revolution in geography during the 1960s led to the development of:
A) Topological databases
B) Web GIS
C) Automated map analysis tools
D) Cloud storage
C) Automated map analysis tools
Explanation:
The quantitative revolution (1950s-1960s) marked geography's shift toward statistical methods, spatial modeling, and computer-assisted analysis. This era directly fostered:
C) Automated map analysis tools (Correct): Early GIS precursors like SYMAP (1964) emerged, enabling quantitative spatial analysis.
Why not the others?
A) Topological databases: Developed later as GIS matured (1970s-1980s).
B) Web GIS: Emerged with internet technology (1990s-2000s).
D) Cloud storage: Became viable in the 21st century.
8. Which data quality element refers to missing features in a dataset?
A) Logical consistency
B) Completeness
C) Temporal accuracy
D) Thematic accuracy
B) Completeness
Explanation:
The correct answer is B) Completeness, as this quality element explicitly measures whether a dataset contains all the features, records, or attributes it should, without omissions.
9. Which spatial relationship describes a road passing through a park?
A) Adjacency
B) Containment
C) Intersection
D) Proximity
C) Intersection
Explanation:
The correct answer is B) Completeness, as this quality element explicitly measures whether a dataset contains all the features, records, or attributes it should, without omissions.
9. Which spatial relationship describes a road passing through a park?
A) Adjacency
B) Containment
C) Intersection
D) Proximity
C) Intersection
Explanation:
The correct answer is C) Intersection, as this relationship describes one feature (the road) physically crossing or overlapping another (the park).